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The
Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name
Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the
Portugal explorer
Ferdinand Magellan) is the largest of the
Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the
Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia (continent) on the west and the Americas on the east. At 169.2 million square kilometres (65.3 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the
hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about 32% of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined." Pacific Ocean".
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The equator subdivides it into the
North Pacific Ocean and
South Pacific Ocean. The
Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the Pacific and the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,798 feet).
Overview
The ocean encompasses a third of the
Earth's surface, having an area of
1 E14 m² (69.4 million sq mi and 161 million cubic mi) —significantly larger than Earth's entire landmass, with room for another
Africa to spare. Extending approximately
1 E7 m (9,600 mi) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic to the icy margins of
Antarctica's Ross Sea in the south (although the Antarctic regions of the Pacific are sometimes described as part of the circumpolar Southern Ocean), the Pacific reaches its greatest east-west width at about 5°N latitude, where it stretches approximately 1 E7 m (12,300 mi) from
Indonesia to the coast of
Colombia and
Peru - halfway across the world. The western limit of the ocean is often placed at the
Strait of Malacca. The lowest point on earth—the Mariana Trench—lies 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) below sea level. Its average depth is 4,280 metres (14,000 ft).
The Pacific contains about 25,000
Pacific islands (more than the total number in the rest of the world's oceans combined), the majority of which are found south of the
equator.
The Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking from plate tectonics, while the
Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size.
Along the Pacific Ocean's irregular western margins lie many seas, the largest of which are the
Celebes Sea,
Coral Sea, East China Sea,
Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and Yellow Sea. The Strait of Malacca joins the Pacific and the
Indian Oceans on the west, and the
Strait of Magellan links the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. To the north, the
Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean.
As the Pacific straddles the ± 180° meridian, the
West Pacific (or
western Pacific, near Asia) is actually in the
Eastern Hemisphere, while the
East Pacific (or
eastern Pacific, near the Americas) is actually in the
Western Hemisphere.
image:vina_del_mar_beach.jpg
For most of Magellan's voyage from the Strait of Magellan to the Philippines, the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful. However, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many tropical cyclones (typhoons, the equivalent of Atlantic hurricanes), batter the islands of the Pacific. The lands around the Pacific rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by earthquakes.
Tsunamis, caused by underwater earthquakes, have devastated many islands and destroyed entire towns.
Water characteristics
Water temperatures in the Pacific vary from freezing in the poleward areas to about 25-30 °C Celsius 84 °F
Fahrenheit near the equator. Salinity also varies latitudinally. The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year. Poleward of the temperate latitudes salinity is also low, because little evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas. The Pacific Ocean is generally warmer than the Atlantic ocean.
The surface circulation of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere (the
North Pacific Gyre) and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The
North Equatorial Current, driven westward along latitude 15°N by the trade winds, turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current.
Turning eastward at about 45°N, the Kuroshio forks and some waters move northward as the Aleutian Current, while the rest turn southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current. The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea. Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south-flowing California Current.
The South Equatorial Current, flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of New Guinea, turns east at about 50°S, and joins the main westerly circulation of the Southern Pacific, which includes the Earth-circling
Antarctic Circumpolar Current. As it approaches the
Chilean coast, the South Equatorial Current divides; one branch flows around
Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or
Humboldt Current.
. Anvil tops of thunderclouds are also visible.
Geology
The andesite line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific. It separates the deeper,
mafic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of
felsic igneous rock on its margins. The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off
California and passes south of the
Aleutian Islands, along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the
Kuril Islands, Japan, the Mariana Islands, the
Solomon Islands, and
New Zealand. The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the
Andes Cordillera along
South America to
Mexico, returning then to the islands off California.
Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand—all eastward extensions of the continental blocks of
Australia and
Asia—lie outside the Andesite Line.
Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin. Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome-shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the Andesite Line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and the Pacific Ring of Fire is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism. The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones.
The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is almost totally bounded by subduction zones. Only the boundary with the Antarctic plate is not a subduction zone.
Landmasses
esThe largest landmass entirely within the Pacific Ocean is the
island of
New Guinea— the second largest island in the world. Almost all of the smaller islands of the Pacific lie between 30°N and 30°S, extending from Southeast Asia to
Easter Island; the rest of the Pacific Basin is almost entirely submerged.
The great triangle of
Polynesia, connecting
Hawaii, Easter Island, and
New Zealand, encompasses the island arcs and clusters of the Cook Islands,
Marquesas,
Samoa,
Society Islands,
Tokelau,
Tonga,
Tuamotu, Tuvalu &
Wallis and Futuna islands.
North of the equator and west of the International Date Line are the numerous small islands of
Micronesia, including the
Caroline Islands, the
Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands.
In the southwestern corner of the Pacific lie the islands of
Melanesia, dominated by New Guinea. Other important island groups of Melanesia include the Bismarck Archipelago,
Fiji, New Caledonia, the
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.
Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs, and uplifted coral platforms. Continental islands lie outside the Andesite Line and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the
Philippines. These islands are structurally associated with nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. Among these are Bougainville Island, Hawaii, & the Solomon Islands.
The third and fourth types of islands are both the result of coralline island building. Coral reefs are low-lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean's surface. One of the most dramatic is the
Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include
Banaba Island (formerly Ocean Island) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of
French Polynesia.
History and economy
(1589). Probably the first printed map that shows the Pacific Ocean., before her record dive to the bottom of the
Marianas Trench, 23 January 1960.Important
human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times, most notably those of the
Austronesian people (specifically, the
Polynesians), from the Asian edge of the ocean to Tahiti and then to Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.
The ocean was sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century, first by the
Spain explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513), who crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and then by Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed the Pacific during his circumnavigation (1519-1522). In
1564, conquistadors crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi who sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. For the remainder of the 16th century,
Spain influence was paramount, with ships sailing from Spain to the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands; the Manila Galleons linked
Manila and
Acapulco. In 16th century also Ragusan galleys from Dubrovnik led by
Vice Bune explored southwestern Pacific, and discovered the islands of
Bismarck Archipelago,
Vanuatu (New Hebrides), etc.
During the 17th century, the Netherlands, sailing around southern Africa, dominated discovery and trade; Abel Tasman discovered
Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642; in that century Ragusan traders prevailed in Melanesia. The
18th century marked a burst of exploration by the
Russians in
Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, the
France in Polynesia, and the British in the three voyages of James Cook (to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American
Pacific Northwest).
Growing imperialism during the
19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by Great Britain and France, followed by the United States. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of HMS Beagle in the 1830s, with Charles Darwin aboard; HMS Challenger during the 1870s; the USS
Tuscarora (1873-76); and the German Gazelle (1874-76). Although the United States conquered the Philippines in 1898, Japan controlled the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during
World War II. By the end of the war, the
United States Navy was the virtual master of the ocean.
Seventeen independent states are located in the Pacific: Australia,
Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia,
Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands,
Republic of China (
Taiwan), Tonga, Tuvalu, and
Vanuatu. Eleven of these nations have achieved full independence since 1960. The Northern Mariana Islands are self-governing with external affairs handled by the United States, and Cook Islands and Niue are in similar relationships with New Zealand. Also within the Pacific is the U.S. state of Hawaii and several island territories and possessions of Australia, Chile,
Ecuador, France, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, petroleum and natural gas are extracted, and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Philippines, although in sharply declining volume in some cases. The Pacific's greatest asset is its fish. The shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield
herring,
salmon,
sardines,
snapper, swordfish, and tuna, as well as
shellfish.
In
1986, the member nations of the
South Pacific Forum declared the area a nuclear-free zone in an effort to halt nuclear testing and prevent the dumping of nuclear waste there.
Environmental Issues
Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the Ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as
fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. The excess of oxygen depleting chemicals in the water leads to
hypoxia and the creation of a
dead zone (ecology).Gerlach: Marine Pollution, Springer, Berlin (1975)
Major ports and harbours
- Acapulco, Mexico
- Anchorage, Alaska, United States
- Antofagasta, Chile
- Arica, Chile, Chile
- Auckland, New Zealand
- Bangkok, Thailand
- Batangas, Philippines
- Portoviejo, Ecuador
- Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Buenaventura, Colombia
- Busan, South Korea
- Cabo San Lucas, Mexico
- Callao, Peru
- Cebu City, Philippines
- Chongjin, North Korea
- Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Ensenada, Mexico
- Esmeraldas, Ecuador, Ecuador
- Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
- Incheon, South Korea
- Iquique, Chile
- Kaohsiung, Republic of China
- Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada
- Keelung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Klang, Malaysia
- Kobe, Japan
- Laem Chabang, Thailand
- Long Beach, California, United States
- Los Angeles, California, United States
- Manta, Ecuador
- Manzanillo, Mexico
- Mazatlan, Mexico
- Melbourne, Australia
- Metro Manila, Philippines
- Nampo, North Korea
- Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Oakland, California, United States
- Panama City, Panama
- Portland, Oregon, United States
- Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
- Puerto Montt, Chile
- Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
- Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- San Antonio, Chile, Chile
- San Diego, California, United States
- San Francisco, California, United States
- Sapporo, Japan
- Seattle, Washington, United States
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Singapore
- Songkhla, Thailand
- Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Tacoma, Washington, United States
- Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Talcahuano, Chile
- Tauranga, New Zealand
- Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tijuana, Mexico
- Valparaiso, Chile
- Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Vladivostok, Russia
- Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Yantai, People's Republic of China
- Yokohama, Japan
See also
References
Further reading
Based on public domain text from US Naval Oceanographer
External links
- LA Times special Altered Oceans
- EPIC Pacific Ocean Data Collection Viewable on-line collection of observational data
- NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
- NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses - Realtime (OSCAR) Near-realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data
- NOAA PMEL Argo profiling floats Realtime Pacific Ocean data
- NOAA TAO El Niño data Realtime Pacific Ocean El Niño buoy data
The
Pacific Ocean (from the
Latin name
Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the
Portugal explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the largest of the
Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the
Arctic in the north to the
Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and
Australia (continent) on the west and the
Americas on the east. At 169.2 million
square kilometres (65.3 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about 32% of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined." Pacific Ocean".
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The equator subdivides it into the
North Pacific Ocean and
South Pacific Ocean. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the Pacific and the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,798 feet).
Overview
The ocean encompasses a third of the Earth's surface, having an area of
1 E14 m² (69.4 million sq mi and 161 million cubic mi) —significantly larger than Earth's entire landmass, with room for another
Africa to spare. Extending approximately 1 E7 m (9,600 mi) from the Bering Sea in the
Arctic to the icy margins of Antarctica's
Ross Sea in the south (although the Antarctic regions of the Pacific are sometimes described as part of the circumpolar
Southern Ocean), the Pacific reaches its greatest east-west width at about 5°N latitude, where it stretches approximately
1 E7 m (12,300 mi) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia and Peru - halfway across the world. The western limit of the ocean is often placed at the Strait of Malacca. The lowest point on earth—the
Mariana Trench—lies 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) below sea level. Its average depth is 4,280 metres (14,000 ft).
The Pacific contains about 25,000 Pacific islands (more than the total number in the rest of the world's oceans combined), the majority of which are found south of the equator.
The Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking from plate tectonics, while the Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size.
Along the Pacific Ocean's irregular western margins lie many seas, the largest of which are the
Celebes Sea,
Coral Sea,
East China Sea, Philippine Sea,
Sea of Japan, South China Sea,
Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and
Yellow Sea. The Strait of Malacca joins the Pacific and the
Indian Oceans on the west, and the Strait of Magellan links the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. To the north, the
Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean.
As the Pacific straddles the ± 180° meridian, the
West Pacific (or
western Pacific, near Asia) is actually in the
Eastern Hemisphere, while the
East Pacific (or
eastern Pacific, near the Americas) is actually in the
Western Hemisphere.
image:vina_del_mar_beach.jpgFor most of Magellan's voyage from the Strait of Magellan to the
Philippines, the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful. However, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many tropical cyclones (typhoons, the equivalent of Atlantic
hurricanes), batter the islands of the Pacific. The lands around the Pacific rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by
earthquakes.
Tsunamis, caused by underwater earthquakes, have devastated many islands and destroyed entire towns.
Water characteristics
Water temperatures in the Pacific vary from freezing in the poleward areas to about 25-30 °C Celsius 84 °F
Fahrenheit near the equator. Salinity also varies latitudinally. The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year. Poleward of the temperate latitudes salinity is also low, because little evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas. The Pacific Ocean is generally warmer than the Atlantic ocean.
The surface circulation of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (the
North Pacific Gyre) and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The
North Equatorial Current, driven westward along latitude 15°N by the
trade winds, turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current.
Turning eastward at about 45°N, the Kuroshio forks and some waters move northward as the Aleutian Current, while the rest turn southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current. The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea. Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south-flowing California Current.
The South Equatorial Current, flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of
New Guinea, turns east at about 50°S, and joins the main westerly circulation of the Southern Pacific, which includes the Earth-circling
Antarctic Circumpolar Current. As it approaches the
Chilean coast, the South Equatorial Current divides; one branch flows around
Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current.
. Anvil tops of
thunderclouds are also visible.
Geology
The andesite line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific. It separates the deeper,
mafic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of
felsic igneous rock on its margins. The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off
California and passes south of the Aleutian Islands, along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands,
Japan, the
Mariana Islands, the
Solomon Islands, and
New Zealand. The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Andes Cordillera along South America to Mexico, returning then to the islands off California. Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand—all eastward extensions of the continental blocks of Australia and
Asia—lie outside the Andesite Line.
Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the
Pacific basin. Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome-shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the Andesite Line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and the
Pacific Ring of Fire is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism. The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones.
The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is almost totally bounded by subduction zones. Only the boundary with the Antarctic plate is not a subduction zone.
Landmasses
esThe largest landmass entirely within the Pacific Ocean is the island of New Guinea— the second largest island in the world. Almost all of the smaller islands of the Pacific lie between 30°N and 30°S, extending from
Southeast Asia to
Easter Island; the rest of the Pacific Basin is almost entirely submerged.
The great triangle of Polynesia, connecting
Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand, encompasses the island arcs and clusters of the
Cook Islands,
Marquesas, Samoa,
Society Islands, Tokelau,
Tonga,
Tuamotu,
Tuvalu & Wallis and Futuna islands.
North of the equator and west of the International Date Line are the numerous small islands of
Micronesia, including the Caroline Islands, the
Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands.
In the southwestern corner of the Pacific lie the islands of
Melanesia, dominated by New Guinea. Other important island groups of Melanesia include the
Bismarck Archipelago,
Fiji,
New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and
Vanuatu.
Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs, and uplifted coral platforms. Continental islands lie outside the Andesite Line and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the
Philippines. These islands are structurally associated with nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. Among these are
Bougainville Island, Hawaii, & the Solomon Islands.
The third and fourth types of islands are both the result of coralline island building. Coral reefs are low-lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean's surface. One of the most dramatic is the
Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include Banaba Island (formerly Ocean Island) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia.
History and economy
(1589). Probably the first printed map that shows the Pacific Ocean., before her record dive to the bottom of the
Marianas Trench, 23 January 1960.Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times, most notably those of the
Austronesian people (specifically, the Polynesians), from the Asian edge of the ocean to
Tahiti and then to Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.
The ocean was sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century, first by the Spain explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa (
1513), who crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and then by Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed the Pacific during his circumnavigation (
1519-1522). In 1564,
conquistadors crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi who sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. For the remainder of the
16th century, Spain influence was paramount, with ships sailing from Spain to the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands; the Manila Galleons linked
Manila and Acapulco. In 16th century also Ragusan galleys from Dubrovnik led by
Vice Bune explored southwestern Pacific, and discovered the islands of Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu (New Hebrides), etc.
During the 17th century, the
Netherlands, sailing around southern Africa, dominated discovery and trade; Abel Tasman discovered Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642; in that century Ragusan traders prevailed in Melanesia. The
18th century marked a burst of exploration by the
Russians in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, the France in Polynesia, and the British in the three voyages of
James Cook (to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest).
Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by Great Britain and France, followed by the
United States. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of
HMS Beagle in the
1830s, with Charles Darwin aboard;
HMS Challenger during the 1870s; the USS
Tuscarora (1873-76); and the German Gazelle (1874-76). Although the United States conquered the Philippines in 1898, Japan controlled the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during
World War II. By the end of the war, the United States Navy was the virtual master of the ocean.
Seventeen independent states are located in the Pacific: Australia, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Republic of China (Taiwan), Tonga, Tuvalu, and
Vanuatu. Eleven of these nations have achieved full independence since 1960. The Northern Mariana Islands are self-governing with external affairs handled by the United States, and
Cook Islands and Niue are in similar relationships with New Zealand. Also within the Pacific is the U.S. state of Hawaii and several island territories and possessions of Australia, Chile, Ecuador, France, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, petroleum and natural gas are extracted, and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia, Japan, Papua New Guinea,
Nicaragua, Panama, and the Philippines, although in sharply declining volume in some cases. The Pacific's greatest asset is its fish. The shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield herring,
salmon, sardines,
snapper, swordfish, and
tuna, as well as
shellfish.
In 1986, the member nations of the
South Pacific Forum declared the area a nuclear-free zone in an effort to halt
nuclear testing and prevent the dumping of nuclear waste there.
Environmental Issues
Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the Ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. The excess of oxygen depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone (ecology).Gerlach: Marine Pollution, Springer, Berlin (1975)
Major ports and harbours
- Acapulco, Mexico
- Anchorage, Alaska, United States
- Antofagasta, Chile
- Arica, Chile, Chile
- Auckland, New Zealand
- Bangkok, Thailand
- Batangas, Philippines
- Portoviejo, Ecuador
- Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Buenaventura, Colombia
- Busan, South Korea
- Cabo San Lucas, Mexico
- Callao, Peru
- Cebu City, Philippines
- Chongjin, North Korea
- Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Ensenada, Mexico
- Esmeraldas, Ecuador, Ecuador
- Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
- Incheon, South Korea
- Iquique, Chile
- Kaohsiung, Republic of China
- Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada
- Keelung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Klang, Malaysia
- Kobe, Japan
- Laem Chabang, Thailand
- Long Beach, California, United States
- Los Angeles, California, United States
- Manta, Ecuador
- Manzanillo, Mexico
- Mazatlan, Mexico
- Melbourne, Australia
- Metro Manila, Philippines
- Nampo, North Korea
- Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Oakland, California, United States
- Panama City, Panama
- Portland, Oregon, United States
- Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada
- Puerto Montt, Chile
- Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
- Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- San Antonio, Chile, Chile
- San Diego, California, United States
- San Francisco, California, United States
- Sapporo, Japan
- Seattle, Washington, United States
- Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Singapore
- Songkhla, Thailand
- Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Tacoma, Washington, United States
- Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Talcahuano, Chile
- Tauranga, New Zealand
- Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tijuana, Mexico
- Valparaiso, Chile
- Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Vladivostok, Russia
- Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Yantai, People's Republic of China
- Yokohama, Japan
See also
References
Further reading
Based on public domain text from US Naval Oceanographer
External links
- LA Times special Altered Oceans
- EPIC Pacific Ocean Data Collection Viewable on-line collection of observational data
- NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
- NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses - Realtime (OSCAR) Near-realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data
- NOAA PMEL Argo profiling floats Realtime Pacific Ocean data
- NOAA TAO El Niño data Realtime Pacific Ocean El Niño buoy data
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